![]() ![]() Some fabric rolls come straight from our mill unpackaged and untouched but will have a few splits in the rolls. ![]() At times our rolls end and or full pcs are not available and splits may occur. Sold by the yard, Our Translucent/Iridescent fabric is a lightweight woven textile that offers a soft, colorful touch with minimal stretch. Geometric Luxury Fashion Design with Sequins Embroider on a 4 Way Stretch Mesh Fabric-Sold by The Yard. wings out of a white sheer fabric and they were separate from the dress. Iridescent Hologram Silver Glitz Sequins Fabric / 3mm Sequin on Poly Mesh BTY. This sheer fabric is crisp and lightweight but is strong which results in a voluminous. We strive to give one full piece cut orders. The dresses weremade out ofa beautiful white pearland iridescent colored satin. Organza Fabric is thin, translucent and has an incredible sheen. Perfect for fun details, for costumes and last but not least. We have a Strict no Return Policy on our orders - If you are very particular with a color - please order a sample swatch to make sure the color is correct.ĭye lots may vary from order to order - As fabric rolls finish - we open new rolls and dye lots may vary from time to time - please order a sample swatch to assure the current dye lot you will be receiving 54 Inch W Fabric Sold By The Yard Pink Silk Organza Iridescent Sheer Soft Flowy Fabric, If You Want Order More Than One Yard We Will Send In One Piece Yards. Shop Iridescent Fabric, Sheer, Satin, Spandex, Metallic Lame for Fashion, Evening Wear, Party Wear, Dance & Costume sold by the yard, bolt & wholesale roll. A super sheer organza like fabric in iridescent green, with tones of pink and black, like a beetle. Fabric Bolt and Color Cards ship out same or next day depending on availability. Ships from Los Angeles, California within one/two Business Days | Sample Swatches may Ship One Day Later | Let us Know if you are in a Super Rush - We can Accommodate | Lead Timeįabric Yard and Sample Swatch orders tend to ship out within a few days. ![]()
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![]() There is a decent amount of variety amongst the ever-increasing horde including special zombies that appear as your danger level increases day by day. All the characters have a derpy little stagger walk that completely fits the pixelated world you inhabit. Visually, DD is throwback animation-wise to the first season of South Park. I’m going down to South Park, gonna have myself a time… The right trigger serves as a manual fire button for the times you need to get a bit more personal, but control is essentially out of your hands. Your base itself can also go through modifications granting bonuses in storage capacity and our personal favourite auto-levelling of your characters if you complete all the quests on a given day. These powers and perks like your character can all be levelled up adding to the surprising level of depth hidden in this title. ![]() Having coffee as a base power will extend your daylight hours giving you more time to loot and search for survivors which are helpful especially in the early days of your run. These powers change depending on your initial specialisation which also grants base powers that can also alter how you play the game. They will defend themselves with everything from pocket knives to rocket launchers and you even have the ability via your special powers to call in airstrikes to help clear out hordes. You simple press A to indicate where you want your survivors to go and trust you have the resources to survive. The world is completely randomly generated ensuring you will never know what to expect, except lots of carnage, blood, and plenty of humour.Ĭontrol-wise, DD is more in line with a point and click RTS. From your base of operations, you choose your weaponry and perks as plot your daily journey into the unknown, and that’s not hyperbole. While this is not the case, what is here is both surprising and promising.ĭeadly Days is in itself a strategic rogue-lite that pits you as a pair of randomly generated survivors, trying to destroy the Burger company that has turned society into flesh-eating zombies. Going into this review the game by most accounts looked to be a copy and paste of the well-received Death Road to Canada. ![]() However, this zombie apocalypse simulator falls more in line with the thinking that you should never judge a game by its trailer. ![]() An adage that fits quite with Deadly Days. ![]() ![]() ![]() Exceptions NumberFormatException - if the string is not a valid representation of a number. ![]() Val result: Long? = strVal. JS Native 1.0 fun String.toDouble(): Double (Common source) (JVM source) (JS source) (Native source) Parses the string as a Double number and returns the result. ![]() It will return null if the string value is not valid and a Long value if the string value is valid.Ĭode example using a valid String value // define a string The best part of using this function is it will not throw an error if the string value is not valid. Output 901 Convert to Long using toLongOrNull() functionĪ String can also be converted to a Long value using the toLongorNull() function. The resulting long value is returned, exactly as if the argument and the radix 10 were given as arguments to the parseLong(, int) method. This is a String method that provides the Long value from a Kotlin String. Kotlin's String.toLong() is equivalent to Java's Long.parseLong(String): Parses the string argument as a signed decimal long. str.toUpperCase () toUpperCase () function returns a new string created from converting all the characters of the calling string to uppercase. Call toUpperCase () function on the given String object str. ![]() In single threaded environment * converting String to date is easy because you can use SimpleDateFormat * class without worrying.Use String.toLong() to convert a String to LongĪs described in the main code example, we are using the toLong() function to convert a String to Long. To convert a given string to an uppercase string in Kotlin, you can use String.toUpperCase () function. ** * String to Date Example in Java Multi-threading. This DateFormat object is created with the pattern "dd/MM/yyy", you can choose any format as you like, please refer to the cheat sheet given in this blog post to see various date formatting options. Here we have created a method called toDate() which returns a date object when we pass String to it. In this program, I have created a nested static class DateUtils, which holds a static final DateFormat object. // Java String name 'Joe' ('Hello, ' + name) ('Your name is ' + name. Here is a complete example of converting String to Date on a Multi-threading Java Program. There are mainly two ways to use SimpleDateFormat properly in a concurrent application, either synchronize the access to DateFormat object or use ThreadLocal variable.Įarlier we have seen how to make SimpleDateFormat thread-safe, and in this tutorial, we will learn how to use the synchronized keyword for making DateFormat thread-safe. val touchStatus 'Action: actionString Index: actionIndex ID: id X: x Y. That's why I wrote this post to show how to convert String to Date correctly in a Java multi-threading environment. Developing Android Apps Using Android Studio 2022.1.1 and Kotlin Neil Smyth. mutability, not intuitive, the most obvious problem with formatting date in Java is SimpleDateFormat not being thread-safe. Apart from several design mistakes of Date class e.g. To parse the string to a Long data type, we use the. Conversion to other data types is quite similar. We’ll use conversion of Long as an example to discuss parsing with string. It may take another 5 years before you start using lambda expressions and Stream API. Getting ready You just need a Kotlin editor to write and run your code. Many enterprise application is still running on Java 5 and Java 6, forget about JDK 7 or 8. Though Joda Date and Time API is always there and now Java 8 also got a new date and time API, many of us don't have the luxury to use it in production. ![]() ![]() ![]() Davide Bollati, pharmacist and chairman of the Davines Group, a Certified B Corporation. This brand focuses on research to understand the skin and what it needs to. comfort zone is a made-in-Italy, complete line of regenerative, effective and sustainable face and body products, treatments, and rituals. Always refer to the product packaging for the most up to date ingredient list. Comfort Zone is an Italian skin care brand thats committed to skin science. The product information listed here might be subject to change. Comfort Zone® heaters include a broad assortment of function, technology and style so you can find a quality heater that suits your needs in the home, office or shop. All Comfort Zone industrial products are designed and tested to meet global quality standards including UL, ETL, SAA, CE, CSA and NOM.AQUA / WATER / EAU, GLYCERIN, CAPRYLIC/CAPRIC TRIGLYCERIDE, CE�TEARYL ISONONANOATE, C12-15 ALKYL BENZOATE, GLYCERYL STEARATE CITRATE, DICAPRYLYL CAR�BONATE, TOCOPHEROL, ORBIGNYA OLEIFERA SEED OIL, SORBITAN LAURATE, BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII BUTTER / BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII (SHEA) BUTTER, AMARANTHUS CAUDATUS SEED EXTRACT, SODIUM ACRYLATES/BEHENETH-25 METHACRYLATE CROS�SPOLYMER, PARFUM / FRAGRANCE, CAPRYLYL GLYCOL, HYDROGENATED POLYDECENE, SODIUM ANISATE, OLEYL ERUCATE, ISOAMYL LAURATE, ACRYLATES/C10-30 ALKYL ACRYLATE CROSSPOLYMER, DISODIUM EDTA, LIMONENE, CAPRYLHYDROXAMIC ACID, JUNIPE�RUS VIRGINIANA OIL, GERANIOL, BENZYL BENZOATE, BENZYL SALICYLATE, LAURYL GLUCOSIDE, COUMARIN, LINALOOL, HYDROXYCITRONELLAL, CITRUS AURANTIUM DULCIS OIL / CITRUS AURANTIUM DULCIS (ORANGE) OIL, PELARGONIUM GRAVEOLENS OIL, SANTALUM ALBUM OIL / SANTALUM ALBUM (SANDALWOOD) OIL, VETIVERIA ZIZANOIDES ROOT OIL, ROSA DAMASCENA FLOWER OIL, HYDROGENATED PALM GLYCERIDES CITRATE. Comfort Zone Brand Essential Toner 200 ml Essential Scrub 60 ml Hydramemory Cream 60 ml Hydramemory Cream Gel 60 ml Hydramemory Essence 100 ml Essential. It features power and caution indicator lights for easy operation and monitoring and an overload switch to provide added safety and protection against electrical overload. Comfort Zones philosophy is to create a good life for. ![]() The result is this: high-quality, results-driven, sustainable skincare that combines the best of nature with the most innovative of science. The space heater requires a single-phase hardwire connection for installation and conforms to OSHA and NEC requirements. Following 20 years of constant research, Comfort Zone takes inspiration from its very own scientific garden in Parma, Italy. The versatile ETL-compliant, 208/240-Volt space heater features a fully enclosed motor to provide added protection in dusty settings. : 3 Refills Comfort Zone Multi-Cat Pheromone Diffuser Refills (90 Days) for a Peaceful Home Veterinarian Recommended Stop Cat Fighting, Reduce Spraying, Scratching, & Other Problematic Behaviors : Pet Supplies Pet Supplies Cats Health Supplies Relaxants One-time purchase: 36. The 12-hour timer offers added convenience to allow you to run it for a set amount of time instead of switching it on and off manually. Easily adjust the temperature on this 10,000-Watt space heater using the integrated digital thermostat control or with the easy to operate remote control from a distance. The adjustable thermostat control on this ceiling heater offers customized heating output, optimizing performance to suit your environment and provide personalized comfort. Together with the integrated vent plates that can be adjusted to change the angle of airflow and the ceiling mounting bracket that is included, this heater can be adjusted to target the heat to where you need it most. It is crafted with a tough heavy gauge steel body allowing it to stand up to sudden temperature drops and spikes it can encounter in poorly insulated areas. Designed for use in harsh environments and using fan-forced air operation, this ceiling-mounted heater distributes heat across a wide area to keep your space comfortable. With dedicated Engineering and Quality-Assurance teams. Create a comfortable environment with this Comfort Zone industrial heater in your workspace or in your garage. Comfort Zone has become a trusted and nationally recognized brand in the home environment category. ![]() ![]() The brightest flashlight you can get is the Imalent MS18 (or MS18W) which has a crazy 100,000-lumen output. That said, some options on this list should cover your bases if your main concern is peak brightness.īrightest Flashlight FAQ What is the brightest flashlight on the market? If you’re putting your flashlight through extreme use and prefer tougher build quality, then it might be worth looking more into tactical flashlights that can withstand greater stress. When it comes to picking an EDC flashlight most people will be fine with a tough light that is lightweight, easy to use, rechargeable, and somewhat water-resistant. You might actually need a tactical flashlight These may not be the best flashlights for everyday carry, but they’re the best at what they do. This is because manufacturers can fit more LEDs on it or have more space to cram batteries into. While plenty of powerful flashlights also come in a small size, you’ll typically find that larger lights have the brightest output. Size matters with everything in EDC, but that’s especially true when it comes to bright flashlights. This means you can have a functioning light again in a matter of seconds instead of waiting for a light to recharge. On the other hand, if you’re getting a flashlight for a particular use case or tossing it in an emergency pack, battery-powered might be the way to go since you can swap them out relatively quickly. Plus, if you use it often, you will run through plenty of batteries. If you plan on adding the light to your daily kit, then a rechargeable light might be worth looking into since you can easily plug it into a charger to power it up again. Whether you should get a rechargeable flashlight or battery-powered light depends on what you will use it for. For reference, the LED flashlight on the back of a modern smartphone has an output of roughly 50 lumens. Lumens provide context and a frame of reference so you can get a general idea of the amount of output a flashlight has. Saying that a flashlight is bright doesn’t really help to describe how bright it is. LumensĪ lumen is a unit of measurement that describes brightness. Whether you’re cross-shopping a few lights to add to your kit or just want to be familiar with what’s available, these common terms will help you understand what makes one flashlight better than another. When choosing the brightest flashlight, you should know a few things first. Most of these LED flashlights have a high lumen output that is many times brighter than your smartphone, so tossing one of these into your emergency bag is a good idea, especially if you need (or want) to create gigantic walls of light to illuminate an area. Whether you’re looking for a flashlight to add to your EDC or are only interested in a headlamp for your next camping adventure, this list will go through some of the best options you can choose from. The best flashlight for you could mean different things. The Most Compact Brightest Flashlight: Nitecore TM20K The Furthest Throwing Flashlight: Weltool W4Pro LEP The Best Budget Brightest Flashlight: Emisar D18 The Most Premium Brightest Flashlight: Fenix LR80R In this guide, we run down our recommendations for some of the best and brightest flashlights you can buy today. Lighting up a football field or two, illuminating a mountain range in the distance, or simply impressing the heck out of your friends: these challenges demand the highest output that current flashlight technology can muster. And then there are times when you want to see how many eye-searing lumens you can bring to bear in a package that pushes the limits of something you can EDC. Aerospace-grade aluminum alloy body, wear-resistant Type III hard-anodized surface treatment.There are flashlights for daily carry that you can easily store in your pockets, and provide you with more than enough light for your daily tasks.Combination of toughened ultra-clear mineral and anti-reflective coating glass Aluminum OP reflector.Built-in thermal control module will automatically adjust the brightness output, keep using comfortably.High efficiency constant current circuit will maintain constant brightness. ![]() Built-in switch indicator lights, easy to find the switch in the darkness.Eight levels which can be exchanged quickly and instant Turbo.Built-in safety self testing intelligent charging circuit, convenient,fast and safe.Utilizes 18 pieces of American CREE XHP70 XHP70 2nd LEDs, with a lifespan of up to 50,000 hours and a maximum output up to 100,000 lumens.Bundle includes a Lumintrail LTK-10 Keychain Light. This powerful flashlight packaged in a strong, durable case comes with a high-quality strap, charger, and O-rings. ![]() ![]() ![]() The Star card inspires individuals to connect with their inner wisdom and intuition, guiding them towards their true purpose and highest potential. It embodies a sense of hope, reminding individuals that even in the face of challenges, there is always a glimmer of light and a path towards renewal. The characteristics associated with the Star card are deeply uplifting and transformative. It represents a time of healing, both physically and emotionally, as it encourages individuals to embrace optimism and renew their faith in the future. The Star card serves as a beacon of light during times of darkness, offering guidance and reminding individuals to trust in the inherent goodness of the universe. It signifies a period of positive energy and the fulfillment of hopes and aspirations. In tarot readings, the Star card often brings a resounding “yes” as an answer to queries. ![]() ![]() Its number, 17, embodies both spiritual insight and practical manifestation. Guided by the planet Uranus, this card brings a sense of liberation and unexpected blessings. Aligned with the zodiac sign Aquarius, the Star signifies forward-thinking, innovative ideas, and a visionary approach. This Major Arcana card is associated with the element of Air, it represents the power of inspiration, hope, and healing. The Star Tarot card holds a profound and optimistic meaning in divination. It brings unexpected blessings, breakthroughs, and a sense of freedom from limitations, allowing individuals to embrace their true selves and shine brightly. Planet: The Star card draws its energy from Uranus, the planet of sudden change and liberation.It inspires individuals to embrace a forward-thinking mindset, champion social causes, and nurture their unique individuality. Zodiac Sign: Aligned with Aquarius, the Star card embodies the progressive and humanitarian traits of this zodiac sign.It embodies intellect, communication, and the power of thought, encouraging clarity of mind and the ability to approach situations with rationality and objectivity. Element: The Star card is associated with the element of Air.It reassures individuals that they are not alone, offering insights and wisdom from higher realms to navigate challenges and make empowered choices. Guidance: When the Star card appears, it serves as a divine compass, providing spiritual guidance and support on life’s journey.It invites individuals to embrace a period of rejuvenation, promoting inner balance, and fostering a sense of wholeness and well-being. Healing: The Star card is a symbol of profound healing, both emotionally and physically.It ignites a creative spark within, encouraging individuals to tap into their imagination and explore innovative ideas, ultimately leading to personal growth and self-expression. Inspiration: With the Star card, inspiration flourishes.Hope: The Star Tarot card represents the radiant power of hope, offering a guiding light during challenging times and instilling a sense of positivity and anticipation for a brighter future.Read on to find out more about this wonderful card. When it appears in your reading, rest assured that it will lead you to the other side of any obstacle that is currently in your way. Have you been in an unnerving and complicated situation which makes you feel like the world is crumbling around you? Was it so tough that you feel like you will not be able to rise again? Whatever happens, do not lose hope because this situation will not last forever.Ĭoming after the Tower card, which is a card of massive of disruption and destruction, the Star tarot card is an uplifting card, bringing light with a glimmer of hope and faith for the future. The Star tarot card meaning is one of renewal and rebirth. It is a feminine card that represents purity and vulnerability. This major arcana card encourages an authentic pursuit of what you truly love and desire. It represents healing and a deep connection to your true self. The Star tarot card is a message of hope and optimism after the trauma of The Tower. ![]() ![]() Intense tactical space battles in full 3D. An authentic Battlestar Galactica™ experience awaits. Launch Viper squadrons and Raptor scouts and jump the Galactica in to dominate the battlefield. Legendary NamesĬontinue the legacy of Battlestar Galactica™ with new characters and familiar faces, in an original story set during the First Cylon War. From the Manticore corvette to the mighty Jupiter class Battlestar, you won’t be short on firepower. Recruit officers to protect the Twelve Colonies. Command the Colonial Fleetĭesign and build fleets of powerful capital ships. Build your fleets, protect the Quorum alliance and prepare to dig deeper into the conspiracies of this heroic conflict. Take control of the Colonial Fleet from the bridge of the mobile shipyard, Daidalos, and free the Twelve Colonies from the Cylon threat. The secret, cunning plan she has conceived could turn the tide of the war forever… THE GAMEīATTLESTAR GALACTICA Deadlock™ takes you into the heart of the First Cylon War, to fight epic 3D battles that will test your tactical prowess. The fate of mankind is now resting on the shoulders of Rear-Admiral Lucinda Cain. ![]() ![]() The deadlock is suddenly broken by a surprise attack from the Cylons and the brutal annihilation of the Colonial Fleet High Command on Picon. The Colonials have countered all of the Cylon’s offensives so far, but no decisive victory was achieved. About This Game The Cylons have rebelled!įour years of war and a steep price in human lives have not been enough to unlock a deadly stalemate. ![]() ![]() In my example below, I intend to use a FLAC stream SFX file. In Premiere, position a temporary high-quality WAV file (it can be any song/SFX/audio as long as it’s high quality) where you would like the FLAC file to appear. Instead, let’s take a look at a quick technique to move FLAC files from Audition to Premiere in under a minute. However, converting FLAC files to another format en masse is an audacious task that may not pay off if you end up only using one of several thousand files. There is also an abundance of conversion software that you can use to convert a FLAC file to an MP3 or a WAV file. However, I’ve always been superstitious about installing third-party plug-ins on Adobe products, especially those that aren’t secure - I’ve had one too many bad experiences. I understand there is a plug-in lurking in the corners of the internet that will allow Premiere to read FLAC files. This is similar to how Zip works, except with FLAC you will get much better compression because it is designed specifically for audio, and you can play back compressed FLAC files in your favorite player just like you would an MP3 file.įLAC stands out as the fastest and most widely supported lossless audio codec, and the only one that at once is non-proprietary is unencumbered by patents, has an open-source reference implementation, has a well-documented format and API, and has several other independent implementations. If you need a little more background on the FLAC format, here’s what you need to know.įLAC stands for Free Lossless Audio Codec, an audio format similar to MP3, but lossless, meaning that audio is compressed in FLAC without any loss in quality. ![]() Going from FLAC to MP3/WAV or any other format will always export a better file than a compressed format to another compressed format. ![]() digital.) Suffice it to say, FLAC is a great archival format. (I won’t get into the FLAC debate - it’s almost as heated as film vs. ![]() However, Premiere Pro doesn’t support the FLAC format. Perfect: the lossless format with fantastic sound quality. Several years back, I competed in a 48-hour online editing contest, and I had to work with 30gb of FLAC files. Need an easy way to work with FLAC files in Premiere Pro? Use this simple technique. ![]() ![]() ![]() And because Google Maps reroutes based on real-time traffic, drivers can complete trips faster and get more rides in. Drivers can rely on the Google Maps experience they’re used to, including intuitive turn-by-turn navigation, route overviews, lane level guidance, and voice support. Instead of having to switch back and forth between apps, drivers efficiently control their queue and see passenger info all in one place, making it easier to manage rides and get to where they’re going. Give your drivers seamless experiences by integrating turn-by-turn navigation powered by Google Maps right into your app. ![]() Help your drivers get from point A to Z faster and safer With the help of Google Maps, you can enjoy the maximum savings wherever you go. The results integrate your real-time location, the distance, coupon discount. Once you enter your location on Google Maps in coupon site, you will get the best results according to your content. Looking for a place to eat? It's all in Google Maps: browse nearby restaurants, find one you like, check out the dining environment, and even make reservations. The wonderful world is all around you, waiting for you to discover. You can see everything from the highest peak to the lowest canyon. If a map is no longer just a map, what is it? It’s a trip to the moon, a ticket to Mars, a bird's eye view of the Earth. Shop for birthday party supplies like paper plates and candles for your birthday boy or girl.Revisit the world around you in ways you've never seen before Hallmark has tons of fun birthday ideas to help you celebrate their annual trip around the sun-we're thrilled to help you make their birthday the happiest of days! Plan a unicorn birthday party or zoo party. Once you have found the perfect card, if you're looking for a little inspiration for what to write in a birthday card, we got you Hallmark writers have thought starters to help you spread the birthday wishes in the most eloquent way possible. DaySpring offers uplifting messages of inspiration and faith in its religious birthday cards. Good Mail offers a witty, trendy and vibrant take that's perfect for young adults-with the added bonus of paying it forward by supporting good causes. VIDA, our Spanish-language birthday card line, embodies the Latino spirit and fun ways to say Feliz Cumpleaños with hundreds of choices, including quinceañera cards. Mahogany birthday cards celebrate Black culture in all its beauty and boldness. The Hallmark Signature collection features sophisticated cards with a more artisanal feel. Our Shoebox collection's funny birthday cards offer plenty of humor and wit. Available in a variety of styles to fit any relationship and recipient, Hallmark greeting cards offer you quality and flexibility to perfectly suit the occasion. ![]() From 21st birthdays to 50th birthdays, you can even find milestone birthday gifts and cards to personalize their day even more!ĭon't forget the card! Find just the right words to let your friend or family member know you care with one of our many beautifully made Hallmark birthday cards. If they're into llamas or unicorns, Willow Tree figurines or the Peanuts® Gang, we can help you put together a gift set they'll adore. Whether you're looking for a fun wine glass or coffee mug, a book, jewelry and other accessories, or home decor items like picture frames, figurines or quote signs, you'll find something they love at Hallmark. Our birthday card and gift selection allows you to easily browse birthday gifts for him, birthday gifts for her, and birthday gifts for kids. With our wide selection of birthday gifts, cards, gift wrap and more, is your online birthday headquarters. Hallmark believes in putting the "happy" in "happy birthday!" We take pride in helping people find just the right way to share birthday wishes with their friends and family. ![]() ![]() The inconvenience of Electrumīy carefully calibrating the weights of each denomination and stamping them with a seal, surely Lydia qualifies as the first society to make the technological leap to circulation by tale. ![]() Velde (2012) attributes some of the lower accuracy of smaller denominations to the fact that they would have circulated more, and thus deteriorated faster. Interestingly, the smallest denominations – the 1/96th staters – are much more loosely distributed around the standard weight (see the dark blue line). The weight of the largest coins – staters and trites – tend to be tightly clumped near the standard weight. Using this data, one can see the remarkable precision of Lydian coinage (see chart above). Source: ´On the Origin of Specie´, Velde (2012)įrancois Velde, an economist at the Federal Reserve who dabbles in numismatics, has catalogued thousands of Lydian coins owned by private collectors and museums around the world. Smoothed distribution of Lydian coin weights around each denomination. Half staters contained half as much metal, followed by third staters (or trites), 1/6, 1/12, 1/24, 1/48, and 1/96th staters, the last of which contain just 0.15 grams of metal. The biggest denomination, the stater, weighed 14.1 – 14.3 grams. One fact that all numismatists agree on is that the Lydians were assiduous to a fault about ensuring standardized weights for their coins. Was it the city, the king, a merchant or some other rich individual? Numismatists are thus unsure who actually issued the coins. The coins generally lacked any sort of writing on them. Did these designs constitute some sort of official guarantee of the coin’s weight and fineness? Or did they symbolize something else?įrom the Israel Museum in Jerusalem’s 2013 exhibit on Electrum coinage On the reverse, or back-side of the coin, a square or rectangular design appears. Each coin was typically stamped on the obverse side with a design in the form of an animal, human, or myth. Perfectly StandardizedĪt first glance, Lydian coins have all the hallmarks of this classical origin story. And so coinage would have dramatically reduced lineups and waiting time in busy markets all across the ancient world. If the stamp on the coin is reliable, buyers and sellers can trust to issuer to have already pre-weighed and standardized the metal for them. A scale must be produced along with a set of weights that both the buyer and seller can trust.Ĭounting is much easier than weighing. Weighing different bits of silver is a laborious process. Rather, they had to be weighed first, and only then could the transaction proceed. These pieces could be cut up into smaller amounts in order to cover a range of different transaction sizes.īecause the bits of hacksilber were irregularly shaped, or non-fungible, they couldn’t by counted. Before coins appeared on the scene 2000 years ago, numismatists believe that people typically transacted with silver ingots and bars, otherwise known as hacksilber. Circulation by tale is a convenient way of doing business.īut we take it for granted. A payor counts up the right amount of coins (or notes), then passes the stack to the payee who – if they wish – can glance at the inscription on each coin’s face to ensure that it is legitimate. The classic story for the adoption of coinage involves the efficiency gains that society enjoys when trade can be conducted by tale rather than by weight. To this day we don’t entirely know why the Lydians began to turn precious metals into circular discs. But the true story is much more puzzling than that. One would assume that’s why the Lydians created coins in the first place: convenience. But compared to barter, or exchanging bits of unrefined metal, coins are a much better alternative. They tend to accumulate in our pockets or piggy banks, never used. Sure, small coins like the 1p are a bit of a nuisance. ![]() To most of us, the usefulness of coins is self-evident. The earliest coins were produced around 640 BC, some 2600 years ago, by the Lydians, who had built an empire in the western half of what is now Turkey. The 1 and 2p coins will continue to be produced for ‘years to come.’įew bits of monetary technology have enjoyed as long an existence as the coin. ![]() Last month the UK Treasury announced its commitment to both coins. For several years Brits have been hearing rumours that their 1p and 2p coins were on the cusp of being discontinued. ![]() |